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    Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.)

    Synonyms

    Rosmarinus officinalis: Rosemary flower
    Rosemary flower (cultivar name Blue Lagoon)
    Rosmarinus officinalis: Rosemary flower close-up
    Rosemary flower
    Rosmarinus officinalis: Rosemary shrub
    Sterile rosemary shrub
    Rosmarinus officinalis: Flowering rosemary branch
    Rosemary
    pharmFolia Rosmarini
    AlbanianRozmarinë, Esmerinë
    Amharicአዜሞሪና
    Azemorina
    Arabicإكليل الجبل
    إِكْلِيل الجَبَل
    Ikleel al-Jabal, Iklil al-Jabal
    ArmenianԽնկունի
    Khngooni, Xnkuni
    AzeriRozmarin
    Розмарин
    BasqueErromero
    BulgarianРозмарин
    Rozmarin
    CatalanRomaní, Romer
    Chinese
    (Cantonese)
    迷迭香 [màih diht hēung]
    Maih diht heung
    Chinese
    (Mandarin)
    迷迭香 [mí dié xiāng]
    Mi die xiang, Mi tieh hsiang
    CroatianRužmarin
    CzechRozmarýna, Rozmarýna lékařská, Rozmarýn lékařský
    DanishRosmarin
    DutchRozemarijn
    EnglishOld Man
    EsperantoRosmareno
    EstonianHarilik rosmariin, Rosmariin
    Farsiاکلیل کوهی, رزماری
    Eklil kuhi, Rozmari
    FinnishRosmariini
    FrenchRomarin, Rosmarin encens, Rosmarin, Ecensier
    GaelicRòs Mhuire
    GalicianRomeiro, Romeu
    GermanRosmarin
    GreekΔεντρολίβανο, Δενδρολίβανο, Ροζμαρί
    Dentrolivano, Dendrolivano, Rozmari
    Hebrewרוזמרין
    Rozmarin
    HungarianRozmaring
    IcelandicRósmarín, Sædögg
    ItalianRamerino, Rosmarino
    Japaneseローズマリ, マンネンロウ
    Rozumari, Mannenrō, Mannenro
    Korean로즈마리, 로즈메리
    Rojumari, Rojumeri
    LatvianRozmarīns
    LithuanianRozmarinas, Kvapusis rozmarinas
    MalteseKlin
    NorwegianRosmarin
    PolishRozmaryn
    PortugueseAlecrim
    ProvençalRoumanieou, Roumanin
    RomanianRozmarin
    RussianРозмарин
    Rozmarin
    SlovakRozmarín lekársky, Rozmarín
    SlovenianRožmarin
    SpanishRomero, Rosmario
    SwedishRosmarin
    TagalogDumero, Romero
    Thaiโรสแมรี
    Rosmari
    TurkishBiberiye, Hasalban, Kuşdili
    UkrainianРозмарин, Розмарин справжній
    Rozmaryn, Rozmaryn spravzhni
    VietnameseLá hương thảo
    La huong thao
    Rosmarinus officinalis: Rosemary needles
    Rosemary, sterile shoot
    Rosmarinus officinalis: Rosemary flowers
    Flowering rosemary

    Used plant part

    The small needle-like leaves.

    Plant family

    Lamiaceae (mint family).

    Sensory quality

    Strongly aromatic (reminiscent to camphor or eucalyptus), resinous and slightly bitter.

    Main constituents

    The leaves contain about 1 to 2.5% essential oil. Therein, 1,8-cineol (30%), camphor (15 to 25%), borneol (16 to 20%), bornyl acetate (max. 7%), α-pinene (max. 25%) and others contribute to the complex taste. On the tannin content see hyssop and on bitterness in general see zedoary.
    Rosmarinus officinalis: Rosemary plant
    Rosemary plant

    www.rz.uni-karlsruhe.de

    Rosmarinus officinalis: Rosemary flowers
    Rosemary (flowering branch)

    Origin

    Mediterranean. Rosemary was one of the plants that, according to the Capitulare de villis, was grown in medieval monasteries (see lovage). However, its poor resistance to freezes limited its popularity, especially in regions north of the Alps. Freeze-tolerant rosemary cultivars (e.g., Arp) are a relatively new invention.

    Today, rosemary is cultivated in nearly all countries around the Mediterranean Sea, furthermore in England, the US and México.

    Etymology

    In Latin tongue, the plant was called rosmarinus; most sources interpret this as made from ros “dew” (akin to Sanskrit rasa [रस] “sap, juice”) and marinus “belonging to the sea” (from Latin mare “sea”, derived from the Indo-European root MORI “water; lake”; cf. marine and mermaid).

    Truly, rosemary often grows at low altitude and therefore near the sea. It does, however, not typically populate the coast, where the spray of sea water might motivate the name “dew of the sea”. Possibly, the name refers not to the habitat but to the sea-blue flowers of rosemary. It has been argued that rosmarinus itself is a product of folk etymology. Possible candidates for the original name are Greek rhops [ῥώψ] “shrub” and myron [μύρον] “balm”, which make a good name for the aromatic plant, but pose more linguistic problems (see also nutmeg for the etymology of myron). Lastly, the Greek name of sumac, rhous [ῥοῦς], is sometimes set into relation with rosmarinus.

    Most European languages have names for rosemary that still much resemble the original Latin rosmarinus: German Rosmarin, Finnish rosmariini, Italian ramerino, Spanish romero, Basque erromero, Albanian rozmarinë, Croatian ružmarin, Bulgarian rozmarin [розмарин] and Greek rozmari [ροζμαρί]. In Greek, however, it is more common to call rosemary dendrolivano [δεντρολίβανο], which literally mean “incense tree”: livani [λιβάνι] “incense” und dendro [δέντρο] “tree”. See also juniper for the linguistic affiliation of the latter.

    Arabic iklil al-jabal [إكليل الجبل] and Persian eklil kohi [اکلیل کوهی] both mean “crown of the mountain”, but I cannot get what these names is referring to. Shortened to al-iklil [الإكليل] “the crown”, the Arabic name is the source of the modern Portuguese name of rosemary, alecrim. See also caper for further Iberic loans of Arabic plant names. Strangely, there is a related herb whose name is also often connected to “mountain” without convincing semantic explanation: oregano is often suspected to derive Greek oros [ὄρος] “mountain”.

    Selected Links

    A Pinch of Rosemary (www.apinchof.com) San Marcos Growers: Rosemary Nature One Health: Rosemary Pflanzen des Capitulare de Villis: Rosmarin (biozac.de) Saskatchewan Herb and Spice Association: Rosemary Alles over Rozemarijn (natuurlijkerwijs.com) Desirable Herb and Spice Varieties: Rosemary


    Rosmarinus officinalis: Flowering rosemary shrub
    Flowering rosemary shrub
    Rosmarinus officinalis: Rosemary flowers
    Rosemary flowers
    Rosemary is a popular spice in many Western countries, but its usage is most popular in the Mediterranean countries, especially Italy and France (see lavender about the spice mixture herbes de Provence and parsley about bouquet garni), less so Greece. Rosemary may be used to flavour vinegar (see dill).

    Rosemary does not lose its flavour by long cooking, as many other leaves unfortunately do. The fresh leaves have a more pure fragrance and are therefore preferred whenever available.

    Use rosemary for fish, meat (especially poultry), but also for vegetables. It is frequently recommended for potatoes and suitable for vegetables fried in olive oil (aubergines, zucchini, tomatoes), as commonly prepared in Mediterranean countries. In Italian cuisine, mutton is hardly ever cooked without rosemary, and broiled poultry wrapped in rosemary twigs is also very popular. A similar effect can be achieved by sprinkling rosemary leaves on the glowing charcoal during grilling (see also myrtle).

    Rosemary is one of those herbs that are more potent in the dried than in the fresh state (see thyme). Dried rosemary is among the most powerful herbal spices, and care must be taken not to overdose which may result in a disagreeable “perfumed” odour. In contrast, applying fresh rosemary allows for more of a light hand. Many cooks, especially those influences by Mediterranean cooking, consider fresh rosemary superior to the dried one in every case, and use fresh rosemary whenever available.



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    Modification date: 6 May 2004