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    Rocket (Eruca sativa L.)

    Synonyms for Rocket

    Eruca sativa: Rucola (arugula) flower
    Rocket flower
    Arabicجرجير
    جرجِير
    Jarjeer, Jarjir
    Chinese
    (Mandarin)
    黃花南芥菜 [huáng huā nán jiè cài]
    Huang hua nan jie cai
    CroatianRiga, Rikula
    CzechRoketa setá, Divoký salát, Perská hořčice rokovník, Rojovník, Bahenní rokyt, Rokytník skvělý, Rokyta
    DanishSennepsalat, Misticanza, Arugula, Rucola
    DutchRaket, Raketkruid, Rucolakers, Rucola
    EnglishSalad Rocket, Arugula
    EsperantoEruko
    EstonianPõld-võõrkapsas
    Farsiمنداب
    Mandab
    FinnishSinappikaali
    FrenchRoquette
    GermanSalatrauke, Rauke, Rucola
    GreekΡόκα
    Roka
    Hebrewארוגולה, בן חרדל, רוקט
    Arogula, Ben hardal, Roket, Roqet
    HungarianBorsmustár, Fehér mustár
    IcelandicKlettasalat
    ItalianRucola, Ruchetta
    Japaneseルッコラ, ロケット, キバナスズシロ
    Roketto, Rukkora, Kinabasuzushiro
    Korean겨자과, 로켓트, 로케트, 우루굴라
    Gyeojagwa, Kyojagwa, Rokestu, Roketu, Urugulla
    MalteseInsalata, Rucola
    NorwegianSalatsennep
    PortugueseRúcula, Eruca
    RomanianArugula, Rucola
    RussianИндау
    Indau
    SlovakRukola, Rukola šalát
    SpanishRúcula, Oruga, Jaramago, Arrúgula, Roqueta
    SwedishRucolasallat, Eruka
    CzechRoketa
    PolishRokieta siewna, Rukola
    SlovenianNavadna rukvica
    TurkishRoka, Cercer, Circir, Kekeş
    VietnameseCải lông
    Cai long

    Synonyms for Wild Rocket (Sisymbrium officinale L. [Scop.])

    Sisymbrium officinale: Hedge mustard (hedge weed) flower
    Wild rocket flower
    botChamaeplium officinale, Erysimum officinale,
    CatalanEríssim, Herba de cantors
    DutchGewone raket
    EnglishYellow julienne, Hedge (wild) mustard, Hedge weed
    FrenchHerbe aux chantres
    Farsiخاکشیر
    Khashir
    FinnishRohtopernaruoho
    GermanWilde Rucola, Wegrauke
    Japaneseカキネガラシ
    Kakine-garashi
    Korean민유럽장대
    Minyureopchangdae
    RomanianVoinicică
    SlovenianNavadni dihnik
    TurkishÇalgıcı otu, İngiliz su teresi, Bülbülotu, Süpürgeotu, Yaban hargdalı

    Sisymbrium officinale: Hedge mustard (weed) leaf
    Wild rocket leaf
    Eruca sativa: Arugula (Rucola) leaf
    Rocket leaf

    Used plant part

    Fresh leaves.

    The seeds can serve as a substitute for mustard seeds, but I haven't heard that they are used in larger or even industrial scale.

    Plant family

    Brassicaceae (cabbage family)

    Sensory quality

    All rocket species have a distinct, pungent-aromatic flavour; the pungency increases with the age of the leaf. The aroma is often described as nutty, herbal or green; voices from people who dislike the herb speak about penetrating or petroleum-like.

    Main constituents

    The flavour of rocket leaves is dominated by isothiocyanates, as in related spices (e.g., cress or horseradish). The most important compounds were found to be 4-Methylthio-butylisothiocyanate and 5-Methylthio-pentylisothiocyanate; similar ω-methylthio-alkylisothiocyanates are found in wasabi.
    Sisymbrium officinale: Wild arugula, flowers
    Wild rocket, flowering plant

    Rocket is, however, different from the related spices because the flavour is not entirely due to isothiocyanates, but also other compounds contribute significantly; most of these stem from the extensive sulfur metabolism of the Brassicaceae. Besides C6 compounds (cis-3-hexen-1-ol and its butyric acid ester), some ω-methylthio compounds have been found (e.g., 5-methylthiopentanoic nitrile). (J. Agr. Food Chem, 50, 4643, 2002)

    Origin

    The rocket species are native to Central and Southern Europe, but have also been spread to Northern America.

    Etymology

    English rocket and its cognates in European languages (German Rauke or Italian rucola) can be traced back to Latin eruca, which means a type of cabbage. The English term arugula comes from the same source, but was probably borrowed from an Italian dialectal form.

    Selected Links

    A Pinch of Arugula (www.apinchof.com) Nature One Health: Garden Rocket Pflanzen des Capitulare de Villis: Ölrauke (biozac.de) Sorting Eruca names (www.plantnames.unimelb.edu.au) Sorting Sisymbrium names (www.plantnames.unimelb.edu.au) Floridata.com: Rocket, Arugula


    Eruca sativa: Rucola (arugula)
    Rocket plants
    The potent flavour of rocket became quite popular in a couple of European countries, and also in the USA. Although the herb had enjoyed considerable popularity all over temperate Europe in the Middle Ages (see also lovage about medieval herbs), both for the aromatic leaves and the pungent seeds, its cultivation was neglected afterwards, and since the 18.th century, rocket was practically restricted to the Mediterranean, where it grows wild. Now, rocket is back to Western and Central Europe.

    In the last years, there was a constant trend to use more herbs in cooking, and every year new herbs become known and available. At present, rocket as well as basil, coriander and bear's garlic (the latter only in Central Europe) have become symbols of good cooking that can hardly be ignored by any chef. It is a good principle to distrust the fluctuations of fashion, and the zeitgeist is no honest guide to good taste, but one cannot seriously doubt the culinary value of the said plants, even if they are often employed inadequately in stylish recipes. The same comments also hold for pumpkin seed oil.
    Eruca sativa: Flowering salad rocket
    Rocket plant with flowers.

    The most typical use of rocket is as a flavouring for salads; it lends an interesting, spicy note to all kinds of lettuce, but I like it less for tomato salads. Chopped rocket leaves are a good garnish for many Mediterranean foods, but care must be taken that the rocket flavour does not dominate. Rocket leaves prepared with olive oil, aceto balsamico and freshly grated Parmigiano cheese makes an excellent appetizer for any Mediterranean, especially Italian, feast.

    In its pungency, rocket reminds of the various cresses; but it has, in addition, a powerful flavour of its own which some people dislike, at least on first try. One can grow accustomed to this flavour by increasing the dosage from time to time. For those that abhor rocket, cress can be used as a milder alternative; but the opposite is also true, and those who like rocket will want to use it occasionally instead of cress, although this would be no good idea for fines herbes (see chives).

    If heated (boiled or steamed), rocket quickly loses all pungency, but acquires a characteristic, rather subtle flavour that fits well to some kinds of tasty food, e.g., Italian pasta or risotto dishes. In such applications, however, one needs a lot of rocket to impart a noticeable flavour, and one should keep the heating period as short as possible.



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    Modification date: 26 Oct 2002