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    Tonka bean (Dipteryx odorata [Aubl.] Willd.)

    Synonyms

    botCoumarouna odorata
    pharmSemen Tonco, Fabae Tonco
    Chinese
    (Mandarin)
    零陵香豆 [líng líng xiāng dòu]
    Ling ling xiang dou
    CzechSilovoň, Silovoň obecný, Tonco semen
    DanishTonkabønne
    DutchTonkaboon
    EnglishTonco bean, Tonquin bean
    EstonianLõhnav dipteeriks, Tonkaoa puu, Lõhnav tonkapuu
    FinnishTonkapapu
    FrenchFèves de tonka
    GermanTonkabohne
    HungarianTonkabab
    Japaneseクマル, トンカビーンズ
    Kumaru, Tonkabinzu
    Korean통카 빈, 톤카
    Tongga bin, Tonga
    LatvianTonkas pupiņas
    LithuanianKvapioji tongapupė
    PolishTonkowiec wonny
    PortugueseCumaru
    RussianБоб тонка
    Bob tonka
    SlovakTonková fazula
    Dipteryx odorata: Dried tonca bean
    Dried tonka beans; note the white coumarin crystals

    Used plant part

    Seed, also called a bean.

    Plant family

    Fabaceae (bean family).

    Sensory quality

    Sweet and hay-like, very strong. For other sweet spices, see licorice.

    Main constituents

    To liberate the coumarin, the beans are processed by soaking in alcohol (rum) for 24 hours and drying, whereby a fermentation process takes place. Afterwards, the coumarin content may be as high as 10%. Coumarin crystals are visible under the epidermis of the seed.

    Coumarin naturally occurs in several plants, most notably woodruff (Asperula odorata), which is sometimes used to flavour alcoholic drinks in Western Europe and the US. It has come out of use, though.

    Origin

    Northern South America (Guyana, Orinoco region). Main producers today are Venezuela and also Nigeria.

    Etymology

    The word tonka is taken from the Galibi (Carib) tongue spoken by natives of French Guinea; it also appears in Tupi, another language of the same region, as the name of the tree. The old genus name, Coumarouna, was formed from another Tupi name of the tonka tree, kumarú. The latter also lies behind the name of tonka's main constituent, coumarin.

    The modern genus name is Greek (dis- prefix “double-” from dyo [δύο] “two”; pteryx [πτέρυξ] “wing”) and refers to the special “two-winged” shape of the fruits. The species name is a Latin participle (from odor “scent”) and means “scented”.

    Selected Links

    omikron-online.de: Tonkabohnen Scents of Earth: Tonka Beans Dinses Culinarium: Tonkabohnen Gewürzamt: Tonkabohnen Rezept: Aromatischer Hefeteig Samuel Gawith's 1792 Flake Tobacco (www.tobaccoreviews.com)


    Dipteryx odorata: Tonka tree
    Tonka tree

    www.tropilab.com

    The use of tonka beans (which was never high), has further decreased, since coumarin is suspected to be poisonous and carcinogenic. In spite of its hypnotic fragrance, the spice does not get mentioned often in cookbooks. Some books suggest adding minute amounts of it to the dough of cakes or cookies; sweets based on coconut, walnuts or poppy are another possible field of application. Lastly, tonka beans are sometimes suggested as a substitute for bitter almonds, especially in countries where usage of bitter almonds is restricted or prohibited by national food laws. Tonka makes an even better substitute for the Middle Eastern mahaleb cherry kernels.

    Tonka beans make for a surprising, unusual alternative to vanilla in home-made ice cream, custard and soufflé. Typically, a few beans suffice to flavour one kg of these desserts. There are only few spicy recipes that make use of tonka beans, but Italian-style tomato sauce with tonka beans is truly great.

    It is to be expected that tonka's sweet, heavy aroma fits best to other sweet spices, like vanilla (see also there for the use of tonka extract as adulteration in vanilla products), cinnamon or saffron. Yet I do not know of any recipe that makes use of such a combination.

    At last, there is a non-culinary usage of tonka beans to mention: In the past, tonka beans were often used to flavour tobacco for smoking pipes. In our days, pipes have largely fallen into disfavour and become substituted by cigarettes (which are also on decline in many Western countries); tonka-flavoured tobaccos have, thus, become a rarity. Spices can also be used to flavour cigarettes, but I have never seen tonka being used for this purpose; instead, vanilla and peppermint enjoy modest popularity in Europe, whereas clove-flavoured cigarettes (kretek) are enthusiastically smoked in Indonesia.



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    Modification date: 18 Apr 2000